Tuesday, November 29, 2016

10 Good Samaritans Who Did Not Go Unpunished


Copyright 2016 by Gary L. Pullman


No good deed goes unpunished,” some cynics say, and some evidence supports their point of view. Good Samaritans have suffered losses ranging from employment to life itself. In many cases, their losses affected others as well. Spouses, parents, children, other relatives, and friends often pay a price nearly as great as the heroes' own.

Authorities aren't always sure when ordinary people should intervene in life-threatening situations, and some employers forbid such action on penalty of termination. Nevertheless, some good Samaritans say, despite the losses they've suffered, they'd do the same thing again, if necessary. When emergency situations confront them, they tend to act without a second thought, willing to sacrifice all, simply because, they believe, such action is required.

These men and women certainly did.

10 Kristopher Oswald


After negative publicity for firing a good Samaritan hired to stock shelves at night, a Michigan Wal-Mart store offered to rehire Kristopher Oswald, age 30. (A Wal-Mart spokesperson said the company's policy “requires employees to alert store management and call police instead of intervening in dangerous situations.”) A temporary employee at the time, Oswald intervened when a man attacked a woman in the store's parking lot. While eating a sandwich in his car during a break, Oswald heard the woman scream and saw her attacker “sprawled on the hood” of her car. She tried to “pry him off,” but he attacked her. When Oswald “confronted the man,” the assailant began to pummel him and threatened to kill him. Oswald was able to “subdue” the attacker, but “two other men jumped him form behind.” After police “broke up the fight,” Wal-Mart responded to the hero's actions by terminating his employment, and Oswald refused the store's offer to hire him back. (LINK 1)

9 Willie Parks

In Omaha, Nebraska, Osmar Garcia, age 18, disregarded a stop sign. Hurtling through an intersection, he struck two motorcyclists, Albert Brown and Patricia White. Good Samaritan Willie Parks, age 27, used a car jack to rescue Brown and White, who were trapped under the Buick LeSabre that had struck them. In the process, Parks lost the “tip of his right index finger.” The victims were also injured, suffering broken legs. Garcia, who was uninjured, was cited for driving without a license or a “valid registration.” (LINK 2)

8 Jesse Bautista
On July 18, 2016, in Houston, Texas, Jesse Bautista, age 41, and his cousin Carlos agreed to give the driver of a disabled car a ride to his aunt's house. On the way, the man attempted to carjack their vehicle. The stranger grabbed Bautista, threatening him with a screwdriver. Bautista's cousin, Carlos, scrambled from the car and took the screwdriver away from the man, but not before the assailant had stabbed Bautista with the tool. Caught in his seat belt and unable to escape from the vehicle, Bautista was dragged over “a half mile,” suffering “horrific burns” to “his chest, abdomen and arms.” He also received “spinal injuries and fractures across his body and lost three toes.” Bautista's injuries required hospitalization. It was the carjacker's second attempt that day to steal a car. An hour before, a woman managed to escape. (LINK 3)

7 Angel Soto


Angel Soto

In 2012, near Boynton Beach, Florida, Angel Soto lived up to his name when he assisted a 26-year-old car crash victim, Alexander Proscrurshim. Moments after Soto pulled Proscrurshim from his wrecked truck, Soto was pinned against the vehicle by another car. “The car hit so hard I couldn't feel my legs; the pain was excruciating. I was hopping around and looked down and it was a bloody mess,” Soto declared. The rescued man became the rescuer, as Proscrurshim made a tourniquet of “an old shirt.” Having “lost most of his right leg,” Soto was fitted with a prosthetic replacement. Although Soto's left leg was broken, doctors expect a “full recovery.” Even though he said he's “really happy to be alive” and with his wife and children,” Soto said rescuing a stranger was “worth it” and, “given the chance,” he would “do it again.” (LINK 4)

6 Gabriel Botiller

Gabriel Botiller, age 22, who worked for the Discount Tire chain, stopped to help a stranded off-duty police officer whose car was parked along a “busy expressway” near Mesa, Arizona. As the officer stood nearby, Botiller was changing his tire when a vehicle struck his truck, driving it toward Botiller and the officer, both of whom were severely injured and hospitalized. Botiller “was airlifted to a local trauma center with severe injuries, his chances of survival slim,” having sustained a badly broken right leg, a broken collarbone, and “several lacerations.” He also lost his left leg. Both Botiller and the officer survived, but the driver who struck Botiller's truck did not. (LINK 5)

5 Danny Krum

When he heard a woman was trapped in a car and only one other person was present, Danny Krum rushed to the victim's aid. He'd been cooking but forgot to turn off the stove. “Twenty-five minutes later,” he said, “my house was gone.” After reaching his attic, “the fire spread across the whole house,” Coal Grove Volunteer Fire Captain Jay Sherman said. Not only did Krum and his wife, who'd called him from the Ironton, Ohio, accident scene to notify him of the trapped motorist, lose their home, but one of their dogs perished in the fire as well. The motorist, 38-year-old Toni Christian, crossed four lanes before striking an “embankment” and flipping her car. Although injured in the crash and hospitalized, she was expected to make a complete recovery. The same firefighters who rescued her responded to the fire at the Krums' residence. (LINK 6)

4 Shane Stokowski


Shane Stokowski, left, and Timothy McShane, right

It was obvious that Timothy McShane was in no condition to drive. After leaving a bar in Chicago, Illinois, he “smashed into parked cars” as he attempted to drive home. Fearing McShane might kill someone, 33-year-old Shane Stokowski ran alongside the drunk driver's car, pleading with him not to “do it.” Along the way, Stokowski slipped and fell. It appears McShane ran over his skull, as prosecutors claimed Stokowski sustained “massive head injuries consistent with a tire running over his head” and have charged McShane, “whose license was suspended after a history of drunken-driving arrests,” with “reckless homicide and aggravated DUI.” During McShane's trial, “Dr. James Filkins, then an assistant medical examiner, testified that Stokowski had suffered so many fractures to his skull that he couldn't count them all.” Stokowski's father, Jeff, said, “My son, he tried to do the right thing, and it cost him his life.” At the time of his death, Stokowski was engaged and had expected to be married six months later. (LINK 7)

3 Anthony “T. J.” Antell, Jr.



When he saw the gunman shoot at the woman's feet, Anthony “T. J.” Antell, Jr., age 35, knew it was time to act. Unfortunately, his heroic intervention ended in his own death and the wounding of the assailant's wife, Quinisha Johnson. Outside the Arlington, Texas, Walgreen's drug store at which she's employed, her husband, Ricci Bradden, a 22-year-old Army private, was arguing with her about a selfie she'd posted of her social media site when he slapped her and fired his pistol. Retrieving his own sidearm from his car, Antell confronted Bradden, but the latter swatted Antell's weapon from his hand and then shot him. Bradden's wife was able to escape into the store. Antells' wife witnessed her husband's death. Later, Bradden turned himself in to authorities and is awaiting trial. (LINK 8)

2 Robert Ybarra

Robert Ybarra, age 81, late of Detroit, Michigan, survived combat in Vietnam, only to lose his life as a good Samaritan helping a man he thought was in trouble. Returning home from a coffee run, Ybarra saw a car parked alongside the road. The man inside wasn't in distress, though; he was drunk. After fighting with Ybarra, the intoxicated man ran over him with his car. Ybarra was tough. The burns to his body and his glass eye, both consequences of his combat duty, showed that. Unfortunately, after a day-long struggle, the old soldier succumbed to the injuries he received while trying to assist the man he thought was a stranded motorist in need of help. (LINK 9)

1 Kristi Clark and son Carter


Kristi Clark

Near Franklin, Tennessee, at approximately 9:00 p. m., a black sport-utility vehicle overturned in a storm after sliding on black ice (a transparent coat of ice on a paved surface). Kristi Clark, age 34, who's known for her good deeds, took her 10-year-old son Carter with her to assist the motorist. As they drew near the SUV, they were struck by a tractor-trailer. Carter died at the scene. Clark later died at a local medical center. (LINK 10)











10 Earliest Prehistoric Insects

Copyright 2018 by Gary L. Pullman

Want to know what prehistoric insects looked like? Think of really huge, scary-looking dragonflies, crane flies, silverfish, and ants.




Insects have been bugging other forms of life as long ago as the Silurian Period (from about 443.7 to 416 million years ago), (LINK 1) when the world's oldest insect first appeared.

Today, we're pestered by insects as small as gnats. Think what a backyard barbecue might have been like, had we humans coexisted with the first insects. Like dinosaurs, most were huge, compared to their modern descendants!

As pesky as prehistoric insects must have been for the animals (and, often, the other bugs) they shared our prehistoric planet with, they're valuable to understanding what the world and life were like back—way back—in the day.

From youngest to oldest, here are the ten earliest prehistoric insects known to science.

10 Afromyrma



The tenth oldest insect debuted during the Cretaceous Period (from about 145.5 to 65.5 million years ago). (LINK 2)

The Arfromyrma genus fossil found at Orapa, Botswana, has been classified as a member of the Myrmicinae subfamily of ants, although the incomplete specimen's poor condition has caused this classification to be challenged. (LINK 3)

Ants of the Myrmicinae subfamily have narrow pestioles (waists) and a rigid prothorax (the segment of the body connecting the head and the abdomen). The hardened lower part of their face, the clypeus, is well-developed, as are the eyes. Myrmicinae ants usually can sting. (LINK 4)

9 Ororaphidia



Four more insect genera, the ninth, eighth, seventh, and sixth oldest, appeared during the Jurassic Period (from about 199.6 to 145.5 million years ago). (LINK 5)

Recovered from Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China, the Ororaphidia genus fossil is the oldest remains of the snakefly ever found there. (LINK 6)

The snakefly still exists. It is easily identified, as it has a “small head and long, slender 'neck,' which is actually the elongated prothorax.” About 3/5 of an inch long, the snakefly has two pairs of “net-veined wings, long antennae, and chewing mouthparts.” The female also has an egg-laying organ, the ovipositor. Snakeflies eat the larvae of other insects and, for this reason, help to control the insect population. (LINK 7)

8 Mongolbittacus




Discovered in Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia, China, the fossilized Mongolbittacus genus insect, is a hangingfly (LINK 8)—a “long-legged scorpionfly of the family Bittacidae, resembling the crane fly but having four wings rather than two and hanging from leaves or twigs by the front or middle legs while using the hind legs to seize prey, mostly small flies.” (LINK 9)

Found in a humid, tropical environment, a male Mongolbittacus specimen measures approximately 17/50 of an inch long with somewhat longer wings, about 11/25 of an inch in length. Its rounded head displays powerful chewing mouthparts; large, oval compound eyes; and fine, threadlike antennae. Its body consists of three segments, and it has long, slender, but bristly, legs equipped with spurs and claws. (LINK 10) Like several other prehistoric insects, the Mongolbittacus was predatory, feeding on other bugs. (LINK 11)

7 Jurahylobittacus




The Jurahylobittacus is the second of the two new genera of hangingflies. Its fossil was found in northeast China. Resembling the Formosibittacus insect, it is distinguished from other genera by its characteristic cross veins. (LINK 12)

6 Formosibittacus

Collected in Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China, a well-preserved fossil of the Formosibittacus genus insect reveals it to be a hangingfly. It is differentiated from other genera by its series of cross veins. (LINK 13)

The only fossil is complete, except for a missing hind wing. The other wings exhibit a “mottled color patterning,” and the forewings are approximately 3/50 of an inch long, the hind wings 9/10 of an inch in length. The narrow wing base broadens to 1/5 of an inch along its length. (LINK 14)

5 Palaeodictyopteroidea



The Permian Period (from about 299 to 252 million years ago) produced the fifth oldest insect. (LINK 15)

The Palaeodictyopteroidea genus insect also closely resembles the modern dragonfly. Its wingspan ranges from 7 and 87/100 inches to almost 20 inches. Its body consists of ten segments. The rounded head is relatively large, with strong jaws. Its mouthparts, adapted from “feeding on spores, pollen, and fruit,” enable it to both pierce and suck “plant sap,” making it the world's first significant “herbivorous insect.” (LINK 16) (With an insect like this one flying around, even dinosaurs were lucky this bad boy wasn't a carnivore!)

It is also equipped with simple, similar fore and hind wings of an occasionally triangular shape. The larger forewings exhibit the beginnings of an arranged network of veins. It also has bristly antennae, slender legs, a segmented abdomen with pronounced “lateral lobes,” and two short tails. (LINK 17)

4 Sinomeganeura

The next three oldest insects started life during the Carboniferous Period (from about 359.2 to 299 million years ago). (LINK 18)

In a world of large, even gigantic, insects, the one and one-fourth-inch-long Sinomeganeura genus specimen, with a wingspan of 2 and 4/25 inches, is the smallest of all. More slender than its wings, it isn't much longer, either. Unfortunately, the fossilized specimen is both incomplete and somewhat damaged, so it's difficult to discern much else from the remains. (LINK 19) However, members of the Sinomeganeura genus may be the primary, if not the only, predatory insects of the late Paleozoic Era. (LINK 20)

3 Bohemiatupus

Like other members of the Odonata group, members of the Bohemiatupus genus have the greatest wingspan (28 inches) of all insects, present and prehistoric alike. The Bohemiatupus genus fossil was found in Bohemia. Resmbling modern dragonflies, the group is defined by the arrangement of the veins in its fore and hind wings and represents the first giant griffinfly found on the European contient. (LINK 21)

Sexually, the Bohemiatupus genus is unusual. Males lack accessory genitalia, (LINK 22) the glands that produce seminal fluid and spermatophores. (LINK 23) Undeveloped females are even more extraordinary. They have an organ, the mask, developed from the labia, used to seize and hold prey. (LINK 24)

2 Archaeognatha (or Meganeura)



Although some consider an Archaeognatha order specimen to be the second-oldest insect, (LINK 25) others believe that the Meganeura genus holds this title. The former appeared about 304 million years ago (LINK 26) (some say 390 to 392 million years ago), (LINK 27) during the Carboniferous Period. The latter debuted almost 304 million years ago. (LINK 28) (When millions of years are involved, it's difficult to pinpoint, with precision, when an insect made its first appearance.)

The Archaeognatha order fossil was found on the north shore of Canada's Gaspe Bay. Archaeognatha insects are the ancestors of the modern silverfish. (LINK 29) Their descendants are little changed from their prehistoric forbears (LINK 30) and closely resemble their present-day progeny. (LINK 31)

Wingless, these insects are small, with long, arched bodies covered in scales. They have long antennae; compound eyes that join near the top of the head; “partially retractable” mouthparts with mandibles evolved for chewing; and long mouth appendages. (LINK 32)

Along their legs and sternums, small jointed “styli,” considered to be “rundimentary appendages,” further differentiate them from other insects. Their sternums are also equipped with three hardened parts used to attach themselves to surfaces on which they molt, or shed, their skin. (LINK 33)

Using their tails as springs, they can leap to a distance of 12 inches. Although their “thin exoskeleton” may dehydrate, they absorb water through “reversible membranous vesicles.” (LINK 34)

Members of the Archaeognatha order have an usual “courtship.” Males attach spermatophores to a “thread” spun “from their abdomens.” The female deposits these packaged spermatozoa in her oviposiror. She then “lays about 30 eggs in a suitable crevice.” The insects “live up to four years,” which is “longer than many larger insects” survive. (LINK 35)

Insects of the Meganeura genus resemble the modern dragonfly. However, due to the oxygen-rich prehistoric environment, they had a wingspan of more than two feet, (LINK 36) as compared to the dragonfly's six-inch wingspread. (LINK 37) Both the prehistoric ancestor and its modern descendant devour other insects. (LINK 38)

1 Rhyniognatha hirsti



The oldest known insect, Rhyniognatha hirsti, may or may not have had wings. If so, the wings did not survive with the fossilized specimen. First described in 1926, by entomologist Robin John Tillyard, the fossil indicates a definite insect's jaw. Likely, it fed on sporophyll plants. (LINK 39)

Found in Scotland's Aberdeenshire Rhynie, the insect was trapped when the water from hot springs' geysers and springs, which contained large amounts of silica, cooled and the silica crystallized. The discovery of the world's oldest insect suggests that insect flight may have originated sooner than thought. (LINK 40) (Not soon enough, though, it appears to have helped the unfortunate Rhyniognatha hirsti avoid its fate.)